America cannot address the inequality, poverty, inadequate education, the racially biased criminal justice system, and the limited life chances of black people that define contemporary society until the nation confronts and acknowledges this history. How could anyone treat people with such horrendous disregard and violence? To be released, the men would have to plead guilty to second-degree murder and a sentence of five years from the date they were first incarcerated in the Arkansas State Penitentiary. UPDATE: Officer killed in Helena-West Helena shooting identified The perpetrators suppressed coverage of the events, and the victims, terrified black families, had no one to turn for help. The population density was 710.7 inhabitants per square mile (274.4/km2). The. McCool, B. Boren. [18] The Confederate columns finally united on July 3,[19] and that day began the final movement towards Helena. ed. Watson was but one of 97 Black people lynched in Arkansas in the decade spanning 1891 to 1900 93 males and 4 females. One of the largest harbors on an inland waterway was completed in the 1990s, making Helena a hub of industrial development. [51] His dismounted cavalrymen were pushed back by the 29th Iowa and part of the 36th Iowa Infantry Regiment, and his flank was threatened by the 5th Kansas Cavalry Regiment and the 1st Indiana Cavalry Regiment, which were commanded by Powell Clayton. Any information would be helpful. Little Rock: Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation, 2002. [5] The service was restored on October 1, 2015, and two new freight customers were quickly gained. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The first time you log in to our catalog you will need to create an account. The obligations of the past weigh heavily upon the present. Descendant of Arkansas Elaine Massacre Victims Push for Restorative Justice. Facing South, October 7, 2020. https://www.facingsouth.org/2020/10/descendants-arkansas-elaine-massacre-victims-push-restorative-justice (accessed August 16, 2022). Walter White, of the N.A.A.C.P., reported first that more than 100 African-Americans were killed, later changing it to 250. Later in the year, Union troops used Helena as a staging ground for their successful campaign to capture Little Rock, Arkansas. Race, Labor, and Violence in the Delta: Essays to Mark the Centennial of the Elaine Massacre. From Race Riot to Sit-in: 1919 to the 1960s. Helena has been called the cradle of the Delta Blues, and each October the citys King Biscuit Blues Festival draws fans from around the world. This picture of the Magnolia Inn on Roosevelt Road in Little Rock was taken in 1969. The death toll was listed at 23, and many others were seriously injured. White attorneys from Helena were appointed by Circuit Judge J. M. Jackson to represent the first twelve black men to go to trial. For more information, contact 501-918-3025 orcalsfoundation@cals.org. One idea was an attack on Helena. The Massacre: What Happened? - Elaine Race Massacre A couple in Garland County is suing Officer Ryan Wingo in Garland. Give a donation in someones name to mark a special occasion, honor a friend or colleague or remember a beloved family member. The Helena time zone is Central Daylight Time which is 6 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Brough once again stayed their executions until the Arkansas Supreme Court could again review the cases. It is a deliberately planned insurrection of the Negroes against the whites directed by an organization known as the Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America, established for the purpose of banding Negroes together for the killing of white people.. Price commanded the Confederate forces during the campaign, as Holmes had fallen ill.[100] Events during this campaign worsened the split between Marmaduke and Walker, and the former killed the latter in a duel on September 6. According to the United States Census Bureau, Helena had a total area of 8.9 square miles (23km2), all land. They still believe non-whites are a threat to their way of life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997. As for me, I have a timeline of ten years, 1910 to 1920, in the Delta of Bogy Township, Jefferson, Arkansas, just below Elaine, Arkansas. Differing interpretations of Holmes' order to attack at daylight resulted in Brigadier General James F. Fagan's troops attacking Battery D unsupported, and Major General Sterling Price's attack against the Union center was made after Fagan's had largely fizzled out. The Elaine Lynchings: A Visit to Elaine, Arkansas, 100 Years After Black guards returned the fire, killing a white agent of the Missouri Pacific Railroad. These are the same people who dont understand why African Americans choose Black Lives Matter as a valid starting point. There is no danger of any lynching. The racial makeup of Helena is 67.93% Black or African American, 30.59% White, 0.13% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.17% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. What a travesty of justice. Marmaduke followed up the bombardment with an attack against Battery A, but fog that had concealed the advance dissipated and the attack was repulsed by the 29th Iowa, who mounted a counterattack. Special thanks to the Department of Arkansas Heritage. Dr. Woodruff is a historian and the author of American Congo: The African American Freedom Struggle in the Delta.. The Helena-West Helena Police Department says the body of Fredrick Willis, 23, of Helena-West Helena, was found late Tuesday evening. Online at https://arktimes.com/news/cover-stories/2019/08/02/to-those-known-and-unknown (accessed August 16, 2022). 14 Best Things to Do in Helena-West Helena (Arkansas) Gov. 1861-02-12 State troops seize US munitions in . Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The community, originally settled in 1797 and first called Monticello and then St. Francis, grew around a warehouse built for barge shipping. He brought the men and women deemed insurrectionists to the Phillips County jail in Helena. New York: Pegasus Books, 2020. Men and women migrated to Northern factories or joined the military, creating a labor shortage in the cotton fields and lumber mills. Elaine sits in Phillips County, on one of the many bends in the Mississippi, roughly 95 miles southwest of Memphis. The Confederates withdrew on July 4 of 1863. A defensive position known as Fort Curtis already existed to the west of Helena, but four new batteries, named with the letters A, B, C, and D, were ordered built. Helena is the seat of Phillips Community College of the University of Arkansas (1965). [42] The Confederates came under fire from the 29th Iowa Infantry Regiment, which had been sent to reinforce the position at Rightor's Hill, and became disorganized. Find directions to Helena, browse local businesses, landmarks, get current traffic estimates, road conditions, and more. Brough, who had ridden on the train with the troops and accompanied them on a march to the Hoop Spur area. 0:00. In the last nine months, Elaine's last grocery store and restaurant closed. With the fall of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, the Confederate forces in the Trans-Mississippi were cut off from the rest of the Confederacy. Police say detectives have interviewed several people who might have been with . For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.5 males. Williams, Lee E., and Lee E. Williams II. Online at https://archive.org/details/TheArkansasRaceRiot (accessed August 16, 2022). Pascal, Olivia. Wikipedia On April 10, 1929, an F5 tornado struck northern Jackson County. Scipio A. Jones. Arkansas Historical Quarterly 31 (Autumn 1972): 201219. On September 29, 2019, a memorial to those who died during the massacre was dedicated in downtown Helena-West Helena. As you know, our black history is very limited in some areas. They shot him and left him to die. Visualizing the Red Summer. [48] They were now in front of Battery D.[50], Marmaduke has his own problems in his sector on the line. When she came back to her neighborhood, a plantation manager, Billy Archdale, told her if she did not leave, he would kill her, burn her up, and no one would know where she was. Most of those who survived found their homes emptied of possessions that appeared in white peoples homes. According to several accounts from white witnesses, both vigilantes and the troops committed acts of barbarism. Confederate infantry deserted in large numbers, their morale shattered. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Further Deep South states seceded early in the next year, forming the Confederate States of America. On the Laps of Gods: The Red Summer of 1919 and the Struggle for Justice that Remade a Nation. Still others described the barbarism of cutting off the ears or toes of dead negroes for souvenirs and the dragging of their bodies through the streets of Elaine. Gerald B. Lambert, the founder of Listerine, who owned 21,000 acres near Elaine, saw white men spread throughout the woods, firing at any suspicious person. The research below is a comprehensive historical analysis of every major league baseball player born in Arkansas. Helena was the county seat of Phillips County[3] until January 1, 2006, when it merged its government and city limits with neighboring West Helena. Black sharecroppers were often exploited in their efforts to collect payment for their cotton crops. Colonel Isaac Jenks, commander of the U.S. troops at Elaine, recorded the number of African Americans killed by U.S. troops as only two. [65] Carried by momentum, some of Price's infantry charged down the hill towards Helena itself, but were driven off. [37] The felled trees slowed Fagan's main attack,[38] which was on the Upper Little Rock Road,[39] and forced the Confederates to leave their supply wagons and cannons behind. Wells-Barnett, Ida B. Estimates have ranged from 25 to 853, the latter from an Arkansas Gazette reporter who named no source. [88] The historian Ed Bearss reports Union losses as 57 killed, 146 wounded, and 36 missing for a total of 239,[89] and historian Thomas W. Cutrer provides the same figures as Bearss. Elaine was probably the largest massacre of black people in post-Civil War history, yet no federal investigation was ever conducted. Voogd, Jan. Race Riots and Resistance: The Red Summer of 1919. Rate and review titles you borrow and share your opinions on them. [56] Historian Robert E. Shalhope wrote that the Confederate attacks were repulsed "perhaps less by the powerful Union entrenchments than by their own poorly co-ordinated attack". He praised his troops for their restraint in suppressing the rebellion. She had been driven from her home in Memphis to Chicago because of her activism. At 11 p.m., a band of white men shot into the church. The per capita income for Helena is $13,028. Taylor, Kieran. [6] In late May, with Union troops heavily pressuring Vicksburg, Confederate authorities sent a message to General Joseph E. Johnston suggesting that forces from the Trans-Mississippi Department be used to relieve the pressure on Vicksburg. Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America. Barry, John M. Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America. McWhirter, Cameron. - Police in Helena-West Helena are investigating a deadly shooting that happened on Friday night. [8] He thought the attack would be too costly, and instead suggested placing an artillery battery along the Mississippi river to intercept Union shipping. 72201. The Elaine Massacre and Arkansas: A Century of Atrocity and Resistance, 18191919. This project is funded in part by a National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) Sustaining the Humanities through the American Rescue Plan grant award. My sadness comes from the senseless murder of human beingsso many that there isnt an exact number, which is wrong on so many levels. Once there, Holmes provided further orders for the advance: Walker was to screen Fagan's movement to Helena with part of his command, while Price continued on to Helena from Switzer's. [69] Believing a full-fledged attack to be a suicide charge, McRae had his men simply fire on the rifle pits in hopes of diverting attention away from Fagan's command. Hundreds of black citizens were killed in Elaine, Ark., a century ago this week. 2431. The economy, traditionally based on cotton and lumber, became increasingly industrialized after World War II, especially at West Helena (founded 1909, incorporated 1917). In Moore v. Dempsey, the court in 1923 overturned the convictions of six of the Elaine 12, arguing that the confessions had been secured through torture. Authorities say Wallace and other police officers were looking for Howard, who was wanted on charges in connection to a shooting in Helena-West Helena about a week ago. Thrown into this highly combustible mix was the return to the United States of black soldiers who often exhibited a less submissive attitude within the Jim Crow society around them. He was elderly and handicapped, and ran too slowly. Helena-West Helena mayor explains how town got $1 million grant to [59] The cannons in Battery C were manned by men from the 33rd Missouri Infantry Regiment, and they, along with a portion of the 33rd Iowa, poured a deadly fire into Parsons' men, while Battery B fired at McRae's brigade. Confident that a single regiment could hold off Walker, Salomon pulled the 1st Indiana Cavalry towards Fort Curtis and a new line was formed in that vicinity using the Indiana cavalrymen and parts of the 33rd Iowa, 33rd Missouri, and 35th Missouri. Among the musicians who regularly visited and performed in the area at that time were Robert Johnson, Johnny Shines, Sonny Boy Williamson II, Robert Nighthawk, Howlin' Wolf, Elmore James, David "Honeyboy" Edwards, Memphis Slim and Roosevelt Sykes. [52] The two Union cavalry regiments were holding a position behind a levee. Selecting a player's name will bring up his statistics page and selecting a column title (Birthplace, Debut Year, Final Year) will allow you to re-sort the data. Corrections? For newspaper, the world is local - Arkansas Online (WMC) - Areas of Eastern Arkansas are sending more violent offenders to federal court. At the same time, the New York offices of the NAACP, upon the advice of Arkansas attorney Ulysses S. Bratton, hired the Little Rock law firm of George Murphy, a former attorney general and candidate for governor, as counsel for the twelve men. Wed like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. The community, originally settled in 1797 and first called Monticello and then St. Francis, grew around a warehouse built for barge shipping. [68], Fagan's men resumed the attack upon hearing the fighting on Graveyard Hill, and drove the 43rd Indiana and part of the 33rd Iowa from the final Union line in front of Battery D, but were unable to take the Battery itself,[69] having been hit by crossfire while maneuvering through a ravine. Additional support provided by the Arkansas Community Foundation. [66] Many men from the 7th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Lewis') were captured at this time. If we cant get people to recognize we matter, we will never get past the color of our skin being the reason for unemployment, violence, and intolerance by authorities simply because were black. Carrying an ax with their guns, they then moved to another home, where they murdered yet another union member, Frances Hall. [13] Rains and high stream levels slowed Price's approach,[14] and though Marmaduke's men reached Switzer's on time, the infantry was delayed at the crossing of the Cache River. [30] The Confederates had support from the local white populace. [4] Beginning in late April, Union (United States) forces followed up on the victory at Pea Ridge by moving into Arkansas, threatening the state capital of Little Rock, and occupying the Mississippi River town of Helena on July 12. Details remain difficult to verify. Historian Robert Kerby describes the Confederate plan as "a model of brutal irresponsibility". The main attack broke through Battery C, but Union troops fended off the attackers and sealed the breach. [38] Either at 3:30 am[29] or shortly after 4:00 am, Fort Curtis fired a warning shot, alerting the Union defenders to the Confederate approach. Peacock, Leslie Newell. Although the exact number is unknown, estimates of the number of African Americans killed by whites have ranged into the hundreds; five white people lost their lives. Soon, word spread that blacks were attacking whites in Elaine. In their view a deliberately planned insurrection had occurred, where black sharecroppers had intended to murder the plantation owners to seize the land. Sandy Diggs or Toby Diggs was the name father and son, Im trying to find what happened to them. [88] The unit had not completed formation at the time of the battle and was poorly trained, so it had been positioned in an area where it was unlikely to be directly engaged. Facebook/Historic Arkansas Facts and Photos. and the Arkansas Riot Cases; Ida Wells Barnett, The Elaine Race Riot; Guy Lancaster, The Elaine Massacre and Arkansas: A Century of Atrocity and Resistance, 1819-1919; Grif Stockley, Blood in Their Eyes: The Elaine Arkansas Race Massacre., Nan Elizabeth Woodruff us an emeritus professor of African American studies and modern United States history at Pennsylvania State University and the author of American Congo: The African American Freedom Struggle in the Delta.. If you can, provide 1-2 sources of information backing up this correction. If we dont teach ALL AMERICAN HISTORY we miss a opportunity to learn about our part, examine our present, and plan and prepare for our future as, ONE NATION, UNDER GOD, INDIVISIBLE, WITH LIBERTY AND JUSTICE FOR ALL. New York: Anchor Books, 1967. According to police, deputies were dispatched to the 1000 block of Cherry Street in regard to a shots fired complaint when they discovered 50-year-old Cornelius Borum on the front porch. Battery K, 1st Missouri Light Artillery Regiment, 2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment (African Descent), Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863, "Batteries A, B, C, and D (Battle of Helena)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Helena&oldid=1141530720, Battles of the American Civil War in Arkansas, Battles of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War, Union victories of the American Civil War, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 14:50. Enraged citizens fired at the bodies of the dead negroes as they rode out of Helena toward Elaine.. The convictions were again affirmed. Smith, C. Calvin, ed. The re-trials of the Ware defendants began on May 3, 1920. ArkansasReview: A Journal of Delta Studies32 (August 2001). South of Price, Fagan was to attack Battery D on Hindman's Hill, while Marmaduke, supported by Walker, was to attack from the north, take Rightor's Hill, and then use the hill as an artillery position to fire on Batteries A and B. The Underlying Causes of the Elaine Riot of 1919. Arkansas Historical Quarterly 20 (Spring 1961): 95104. Clancy, Sean. The following morning, Gov. [46] Meanwhile, Fagan's men attacked the second Union line of works. Little Rock: Butler Center Books, 2018. The information you have provided is great for families that lost people and is greatly needed. For additional information: Helena, AR 72342 Phone: (870) 338-5555 Phillips County Criminal Records Phillips County records their criminal activity in the form of criminal records. A steel gondola car was hauled back and forth on the railroad track, he said, adding, the men inside firing from the shelter of the steel walls of the car, shooting black people. The City of Helena is located in Phillips County in the State of Arkansas. Arkansas Residents Make a Case for Reparations 100 Years after the Elaine Massacre. American Prospect, September 30, 2019. https://prospect.org/justice/arkansas-reparations-elaine-race-massacre/ (accessed August 16, 2022). Many wept as they told of murder, land theft, forced migration and the legacies of living in a region where fear of retribution silenced people over generations. Women received domestic allotment checks from men in the military, giving them cash beyond the control of planters. On November 5, 2019, the Elaine Twelve were memorialized on the Arkansas Civil Rights Heritage Trail in Little Rock. More atrocities were later reported, including cutting souvenirs from black bodies and . Jackson: University and College Press of Mississippi, 1972. [26] Prentiss was originally intended to be reinforced by three vessels from the Union Navy, but only one, the timberclad USS Tyler,[a] was available when the Confederate attack struck. There were 2,710 housing units at an average density of 304.6 per square mile (117.6/km2). New York: Crown, 2008. Historic Theaters of Arkansas - Only In Arkansas Richard Hall asked my father to come to Mississippi to visit him. [45], Price's attack had been delayed. Updates? Butler Center for Arkansas Studies. The charges ranged from murder to nightriding, a charge akin to terroristic threatening (as defined by Act 112 of 1909). It was founded in 1833 by Nicholas Rightor and is named after the daughter of Sylvanus Phillips, an early settler of Phillips County and the namesake of Phillips County. 25 federal indictments come from Helena-West Helena, federal partnership [90] Casualties were heaviest among the 33rd Iowa and the 33rd Missouri, while the 2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment (African Descent) saw the first combat wounds suffered by African American soldiers in Arkansas during the war. Red Summer 1919: Tree honoring black victims cut down in alleged crime No one even took the time to confirm the number of kills, as if these people were as worthless as termites. Low Villains and Wickedness in High Places: Race and Class in the Elaine Riots. Arkansas Historical Quarterly 58 (Autumn 1999): 285313. During the American Civil War, the Battle of Helena was a deadly encounter. Both Holmes and Marmaduke accused Walker of dereliction of duty. [22] Although Prentiss was in command of the general district around Helena, the garrison itself was operationally commanded by Brigadier General Frederick Salomon, the commander of the division. [18][19], Helena previously had a Catholic grade school for black children, St. Cyprian School; it closed in 1963. While its deepest roots lay in the states commitment to white supremacy, the events in and around Elaine (Phillips County)stemmed from tense race relations and growing concerns about labor unions. Since Prentiss was aware of a coming attack, the Confederates would not have the advantage of surprise. 1E, 6E. Online at https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/2544/ (accessed November 9, 2022). [16] Holmes and Fagan reached Clarendon on June 26. Magnolia Inn LR. Advancing his men through ravines and over hills, Price decided that his artillery would have to be left behind, although picked men from his batteries were to accompany the infantry to man the Union pieces that the attack expected to capture. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2022. Additional support provided by the Arkansas Humanities Council. With labor conflicts escalating throughout the country at the end of World War I, government and business interpreted the demands of labor increasingly as the work of foreign ideologies, such as Bolshevism, that threatened the foundation of the American economy. Believing that the Confederates were preparing to attack again, Prentiss requested reinforcements, which arrived from Memphis, Tennessee, on July 6. The conflict began on the night of September 30, 1919, when approximately 100 African Americans, mostly sharecroppers on the plantations of white landowners, attended a meeting of the Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America at a church in Hoop Spur (Phillips County), three miles north of Elaine. Emboldened by their war experience, African-American veterans returned to the Delta to demand the full rights of citizenship and justice, not only before the law but also in their labors. [64] The advance up the hill had also thrown the Confederates into disarray. As they surrounded his house, another man inside, Charlie Robinson, tried to run away. Federal Troops and the Elaine Massacres: A Colloquy. Arkansas Historical Quarterly 61 (Autumn 2002): 272283. There were 1,636 Confederate casualties and 205 Union casualties.[6]. Helena is home to the longest running daily radio program in the U.S., King Biscuit Time. [50] Price's command consisted of the brigades of Brigadier Generals Dandridge McRae and Mosby Monroe Parsons, and was led by the 9th Missouri Sharpshooter Battalion and a company of Arkansans local to the Helena area. Attorney Jacob Fink, who was appointed to represent Frank Hicks, admitted to the jury that he had not interviewed any witnesses. He returned to Little Rock the next day and told a press conference, The situation at Elaine has been well handled and is absolutely under control. A Union counterattack retook the hill and captured many prisoners,[79] with over 350 prisoners taken on Graveyard Hill alone. Online at http://history.msu.edu/files/2010/04/Mark-Ellis.pdf (accessed August 16, 2022). As racialized violence spread in both Northern and Southern cities during the Red Summer of 1919, Delta planters were paying close attention. Edgar Hoover and the Red Summer of 1919. Journal of American Studies 28 (April 1994): 3959. He made no motion for a change of venue, nor did he challenge a single prospective juror, taking the first twelve called. Price was to attack the Union center, focusing on Battery C on Graveyard Hill. [24][28] Prentiss also cancelled a planned celebration of the Fourth of July as a precaution,[19] and ordered the roads into town barricaded with felled trees. Holmes and Price arrived on the hill, and finding that the Union guns could not be used, ordered Tilden's Missouri Battery and Marshall's Arkansas Battery to begin to come up. Hostility toward him was so great from local white residents that, out of fear for his life, he was said to sleep at a different black familys house every night during the trials. [43] Meanwhile, on the Lower Little Rock road, Brooks ran into trouble, taking fire from Battery K, 1st Missouri Light Artillery Regiment and Tyler. Union, Reaction, and Riot: The Biography of a Rural Race Riot. [8], Helena is located at 343134N 90365W / 34.52611N 90.60139W / 34.52611; -90.60139 (34.526223, 90.601377).[9]. The Confederates charged Fort Curtis in their last attack, but the heavy artillery inside kept the attack from reaching the fort. Delta Cultural Center, Helena-West Helena, Arkansas. [12] On June 22, Holmes revised the plan, ordering Price to concentrate at a location known as Switzer's, instead of Cotton Plant. THE 5 BEST Things to Do in Helena - Tripadvisor Blood in Their Eyes: The Elaine Massacre of 1919. The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. These records cover murders, rapes, burglaries, arson, motor vehicle theft, assaults, and crimes of a sexual nature. Stockley, Grif, and Jeannie M. Whayne. [91][c] Holmes accused McRae of "misbehavior before the enemy", and in his report placed part of the blame for the failure on McRae, but McRae was cleared by a subsequent court-martial. All Rights Reserved. Whitaker, Robert. This article is about the U.S. city. https://www.britannica.com/place/Helena-Arkansas, The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture - Helena-West Helena. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. Brough issued a stay of the executions to permit an appeal to the Arkansas Supreme Court after the motions were denied. Legal disfranchisement stripped them of the vote and an ability to share in any benefits of citizenship. He also told how soldiers brought a suspected union leader to his company store for interrogation, poured kerosene over his body and tossed a match. [69][b], With Price's men shredded, Fagan's men exhausted, and the cavalry not making any progress, Holmes decided to order a withdrawal at 10:30 am. They produced a predictable narrative that resembled those dating back to slavery. The white leaders put forward their view that black residents had been about to revolt. Ms. Wells Barnett gathered testimonies that described the sheer horror of the massacre from those who endured and lived to tell their stories. Holmes noted that the defenses of Helena were stronger than he expected, but carried on with the attack anyway. Collins, Ann V. All Hell Broke Loose: American Race Riots from the Progressive Era through World War II. The findings blamed outside agitators for stirring up ignorant sharecroppers. News also reached the Union forces at Helena of a major Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania.
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