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U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1503688 (2019). The national release estimates for pesticides were not updated in v2.0, where data on application for these chemicals to vegetables was from 2010. Mineral commodity summary 2014. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/prd-wret/assets/palladium/production/mineral-pubs/mcs/mcs2014.pdf (U.S. Geological Survey, 2014). This can be represented in unit form in Eq. This decrease is likely a result of fuel source changes in the electricity production over this period69. 3. Table 6.1 of the Scope 3 Standard provides criteria to identify relevant scope 3 activities: To determine relevance, the organization can review the Scope 3 Standards description of each scope 3 category and consult appropriate contacts across the organization. Basic Information of Air Emissions Factors and Quantification The EEIO sector also determines whether the project type is for construction or operation more broadly, and each has a very different greenhouse gas emissions profile. 22. U.S. EPA, 2020. Econ. Cm is obtained from Eq. It is widely used by EPA program offices and other government agencies, corporations, nonprofits, nongovernmental organizations, and academia for applications such as calculating carbon footprints and environmental assessments. Res. The USEEIO dataset that comes with Net Zero Cloud is from an analysis performed in the year 2012. Read more about NETL's work here. Commercial buildings energy consumption survey 2012. https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/ (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016). The composite score for the rankings are calculated as a sum of fractions of sector impact relative to total impact across all sectors by each selected indicator, and then this fraction for a sector was summed across all indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&type=metadata&series=EN.ATM.CO2E.PC# (2021). figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17145878.v1 (2022). Shifts in sector impact intensity (as present in the D and N matrices) between v1.2 and v2.0 are attributed to a combination of changes in methodology for resource allocation to industry sectors, primary and allocation data sources, source data years, and economic growth or decline within industries between the related source data years, after the currency year adjustment Eqs. 28, 99118, https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.2.99 (2014). In v2.0, one of the BEA commodities is split into 7 further resolved (more specific) commodities (404+7=411). 6, where from currency year z to y is the ratio of the industry gross output chain price index, pi, for year y to that of year z. Equations5, 6 are used for each industry and unique year of environmental data in the given model. The sets of commodities in the top 20 from v2.0 and v1.2 in the production and consumption-based rankings are nearly identical, with some notable substitutions and some exchanging of places. The v1.2 model data used here for comparison were acquired from the USEEIO-API. (Springer Science & Business Media, 2002). Timber and raw forest products impact intensity increased due to a decrease in land area assigned to timberland and negative economic growth between 2007 and 2012. This method for creating the A matrix is based on the industry- technology assumption, wherein the manufacture of the primary and any secondary commodities by an industry uses the same production requirements, and the commodity requirements are based therefore on the mix of industries that produce that commodity, weighted by their relative share of total commodity output16. . A revision to the mapping of NAICS to BEA sectors for NAICS 23 Construction fixed an error in v1.1 that resulted in substantially lower emissions coefficients. The diagonal-only production assumption is a good first approximation that allows the production impacts from a specific type of waste management service to be assigned to a single sector. The equivalent value is 1.44E-5in v1.2 (sheet B, cell D681 of)71. Both versions of sector attribution modeling use the IWMS statistics on water application rates. AC-17-A-51 https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/usv1.pdf (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2017). Home | Emissionfactors In the original analysis, industrial water was allocated to NAICS 3133 using 3-digit NAICS Canadian Industrial Water Use statistics, scaled to US production by US GDP. PubMed (Cambridge University Press, 2009). Salesforce Help | Article In v1.2, MLUs Total Timberland was assigned to timberland, while in v2.0, MLUs Forest-use land not grazed was assigned to timberland. With the pesticide loss model input data remaining the same, but inflation in the commodity as seen in the P matrix between 2012 (USD year of v2.0) and 2013 (USD year of v1.2) created a lower denominator in v2.0, resulting in a higher pesticide-related impact intensity (since dollar output is in the denominator) for this sector. EPA researchers worked with partners at US Department of Defenses (DOD) environmental research programs (the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program) to use USEEIO as the basis for re-creating an input-output model tailored to the specific needs of the DOD, such as life-cycle analysis formilitary equipment. Learn More Young, B., Birney, C., Chiquelin, C. & Ingwersen, W. National criteria and hazardous air pollutant totals by industry 2017 v1.1. Chemical releases reported by facilities in these datasets include toxic releases, metal compounds, nutrients, and organic pollutants. For v2.0, the USD year of the model is the same as the IO data, 2012 USD. For instance, BEA code 1111A0 oilseed farming only connects to NAICS 5-digit codes 11111 soybean farming and 11112 oilseed (except soybean) farming in the table, but in fact 11111 and 11112 have single child codes 111110 soybean farming and 111120 oilseed (except soybean) farming, respectively, as well as shared parent codes 1111 oilseed and grain farming, 111 crop production, and 11 agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting. Figure 2 shows an example progression over time of improvement and expansion. The emission factor rating takes into account the test rating, the number of sources tested, and whether the sources are selected at random, represent the industry population, and are sufficiently specific (e.g., to fuel type, design, etc.) National biennial hazardous waste report 2017. https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/biennial-hazardous-waste-report (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2018). Briefly stated, monetary input-output (IO) tables give insight into the value of economic transactions between different sectors in an economy, including output for exports, capital formation and final government and private consumption. Monthly Energy Review - 2018. https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/ (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2020). Public land statistics 2012. The disaggregation process is carried out by disaggregating distinct sections of the Use and Make tables. National Biennial Hazardous Waste Report 2011. https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/biennial-hazardous-waste-report (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). Depending on the data available for the location of product use, apply eGRID subregion or U.S. national average factors. Depicts a calculation for estimating GHG emissions applying the emission factor of a power plant that produces a quantity of electricity (identified by the activity data e.g., a utility invoice) that is consumed by an end-user (not pictured in the graphic). Birney, C., Conner, M., Specht, J. The R package useeior v1.0.061 was used for USEEIO v2.0 model creation. Article Where particular elementary flows are reported in each dataset, flows are maintained from the DMR when a facility reports to both. A full list of model commodities is presented in the primary data record. Additionally, flow amounts for each flow within a satellite table must not change more than 0.05%. Yang, Y., Berrill, P., Miller, R., Ingwersen, W. & Li, M. National GHG Industry Attribution Model. https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/WasteCharacterization/PubExtracts/2014/GenSummary.pdf (Calrecycle, 2015). They have been updated for 201756. Domestic Proportion of the Impacts of US Consumption. Break-out sessions by USEEIO format. USEEIO v2.0 was built in useeior v1.0.061. Estimates for scope 3 categories can vary in accuracy depending on the available data and the organizations quantification goal. This adjustment results in different allocation factors from the Use table columns, and are included in the WasteDisaggregation_Use sheet of the primary data record in the VA disaggregation rows. A., Los, B., Stehrer, R. & Vries, G. Jde Slicing up global value chains. The correspondence stems from BEA-NAICS relationship table released with national input-output (IO) accounts by BEA10. 56221: Most of the flows are to Hazardous waste disposal sector. Although QCEW employment data is one of the main sources in the creation of the National Employment Matrix, the National Employment Matrix also incorporates data from the Occupational Employment Statistics program (OES), the Current Employment Statistics program (CES), and the Current Population Survey (CPS)60. The values for the disaggregated waste commodities are allocated based on allocation factors derived from the Economic Census customer classes, as described below. When imports are greater than final consumption and exports for a given commodity, the demand value will be negative. As the matrix values are in producer price USD, the values in are commodity-specific producer:purchaser price ratios where a value of c,y is a ratio of year y USD producer price:year y USD purchaser price for commodity c. Margins tables provide values for transportation, t, wholesale, w, and retail, r, specific to each commodity consumed by industries, households or investors. The GHG Protocol provides two resources to help organizations estimate scope 3 emissions: For financial institutions, The Global GHG Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Financial Industry, published by the Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials, offers specific guidance on calculating scope 3, category 15 (investments) emissions. There are five industries that produce the 562000 commodity. Urban land allocation now includes estimates for urban green areas based on assumptions made by Zeng and Ramaswami37. Domestic water withdrawals are assigned to the BEA code F01000, as no NAICS code represents households. However when this demand vector is applied to the model, output of these commodities is positive due to industry consumption, reflecting the commodity output totals. 36. Input-Output Accounts Data. The results of those normalizations are multiplied with an orientation to create a commodity x commodity direct requirements matrix, or A, using Eq. 15. where Gr is the direct+indirect flows x sector matrix and s is a scaling vector. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Ingwersen, W., Li, M., Young, B., Vendries, J. Emission factors (LCA[16]) -- convert activity data into a measure of CO2e emission, including: Emissions (estimates) associated with extracting, collecting and pre-processing raw materials. USEEIO was used by Climate Earth to calculate emissions associated with most purchased goods and services as part of Merck's annual corporate responsibility report. Table 1 shows EPA's recommended source of emission factors for each scope 3 category. Some changes in HCAN and NCAN result from the inclusion of characterization factors from TRACI 2.1 for metals, which were not included for v1.2. 1a, Electricity followed by Fresh wheat, corn, rice, and other grains remain in the top two places, but Cattle ranches and feedlots has moved into the third place. For these datasets, the national totals by sector were extracted directly from the published datasets5,7. The IO transactions for the Use table intersection are assigned based on material flows between the disaggregated sectors, using RCRAInfo data as the main data source. While not part of the interindustry transactions, these sectors are somewhat analogous to commodities, and are represented as rows for each industry in the Use table. 11:25-11:30. A similar approach is used to calculate the direct+indirect impacts x sector with the direct perspective as Hr but it uses includes the D direct impact matrix to characterize those flows as shown in Eq. Coverage of these data used in v2.0 is equivalent to that from v1.2 as seen in Table2. Novel methodological elements since USEEIO v1 models include waste sector disaggregation, final demand vectors for US consumption and production, a domestic form of the model that can be used to separate domestic and foreign impacts, and price adjustment matrices for converting outputs to purchaser price and in various US dollar years. The practical guidance below provides further suggestions on calculating scope 3 emissions. The original Mining attribution version calculated results using process and employment-based factors published by Blackhurst et al.53. In some . For example, the total flows counted by the 5-digit Waste collection (56211) sector do not equal the flows of the 6-digit Waste collection flow subsectors (562611, 562112, 562119). EPA/600/R-20/001 https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=CESER&dirEntryId=349324 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2020). When there is additional data available for specific flows which are not adequately reflected at the 6-digit NAICS to USEEIO mapping (as per Table6), a manual distribution of that data is specified as an input to the disaggregation algorithm. Emissions are assigned to industries based on the NAICS reported by each facility. Matrix algebra is used to represent the steps of creating the USEEIO model, using conventions for variable names commonly used in a mix of standard references for IO analysis16 and LCA17, and the existing USEEIO model documentation. The water methodology in the Water Use Satellite table compiled for v1.1 tracked water returns, allowing for the calculation of water consumption by industry. A comprehensive BEA-to-NAICS sector mapping table is built with these complementary pieces to the main correspondence. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/water-use-terminology?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects (2019). As described above, direct SMOG impacts have decreased substantially in these two sectors specifically. M.L. Service Annual Survey Historical Data (NAICS-basis): 2015. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2015/econ/services/sas-naics.html (U.S. Census Bureau, 2016). In some cases, environmental flows may appear in more than one satellite table if the associated sectors do not overlap. This flow update afforded the opportunity to use more standard life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) characterization factors to populate these indicators, which were integrated with the new procedure. RCRAInfo data are available by 5- and 6-digit NAICS codes, which map to the disaggregated sectors as shown in Table6. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, USA, General Dynamics Information Technology, Inc, Falls Church, VA, 22042, USA, Eastern Research Group, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA, You can also search for this author in Chemical releases to air are sourced from 2017 reported emissions data from the National Emissions Inventory (NEI)28 and Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)29. Only two categories use a specific method (e.g., supplier-specific method, fuel-based method) in year one and seven in year five. A set of ~40 v2 models with only greenhouse gas (GHG) satellite tables were constructed using IO and environmental data for varying years (20102016), number of sectors (~400, ~70, ~15) and model formulation types (commodity-based and industry-based) to generate supply chain GHG emission factors1. Emissions factors The emissions factors can be collected from: - Emissions sourced direct from suppliers based on the specific goods and services used. USEEIO v2.0 described herein is a commodity model with the full breadth of US economic output split into 411 commodity categories. Google Scholar. 2021 Global Factors Bundle Starting at 595 Global electricity, homeworker and hotel factors in one convenient bundle. These tables are also known as the benchmark tables because they are based on the US Economic Census which is conducted every five years and the tables correspond to the Census year11. Blackhurst, M., Hendrickson, C. & Vidal, J. S. I. Users should be aware of the limitations of using the Rest of World results. zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6370115 (2021). Rev. Following this mapping, each satellite table is assessed to ensure that no environmental flows were lost during the transformation. https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020). Out of the total inputs to the waste management industry, 51% is due to value added sectors, with employee compensation being 29%, suggesting that waste management is a labor-intensive sector. 28. This EPA report describes supply chain GHG emission factors prepared with versions of the USEEIO, which are life cycle models of all categories of goods and services and industries in the US economy. The USGS publishes state-level water withdrawal estimates for nine broad categories: Aquaculture, Domestic, Industrial, Irrigation Crop, Irrigation Golf Courses, Livestock, Mining, Public Supply, and Thermoelectric Power. The Recycling Economic Information (REI) Report, a primary output of the Recycling Economic Information (REI) Projectrelieson environmental and economic input-output methodologies for estimating environmental and economic impacts associated with recycling. In the original analysis, BLM hard rock leases and EIA MECS relied on BEA employee compensation for granular allocation. Article An official website of the United States government. Interventions for improved emissions tracking include 1) mapping institutional purchasing account systems by groupings that match or correspond to EEIO emissions factors (e.g., NAICS, UNSPSC); 2) encouraging use of M-Marketsite and incorporating more detailed reporting of purchases when using P-Cards; and 3) updating the mapping of emissions . Water-Use Terminology. Environmental flows generated in flowsa are checked for data loss after allocation to industry sectors, by comparing flow amounts in the original source data to flow amounts in the final output. Sarah Cashman, Bill Michaud and Ally Brown assisted with project management. OZON showed decreased or little change in nearly all sectors. Life Cycle Databases | GHG Protocol For more information and to download the 2016 report and methodology, see: https://www.epa.gov/smm/2016-recycling-economic-information-rei-report-and-methodology. State and local general government is split into education and other services in the 2012 IO tables, resulting in a fall in ranking but occupying two spots in the top 20. Young, B., Li, M. & Ingwersen, W. Direct impact coefficients (D matrix) of USEEIOv1.2 and v2.0.1-411. The 562000 commodity represents over 97% of the industrys total output. led on the disaggregation methodology and associated software development in useeior, and wrote the associated section in the manuscript. In agricultural sectors, the consumption of other agricultural commodities are the primary drivers of SMOG. Table5 provides a list of all final demand columns included in the BEA Detail Use table and their respective association with the final demand variable. In the production vector, the direct imports both used by final consumers and industries are removed. Name of source. This sector provides a wide range of services from non-hazardous waste landfilling and recycling to contaminated site remediation. We define consumption as final use within the US of all goods and services that are both produced and sold within the US or imported. EPA Report: Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for U.S. Industries and Commodities Understanding the consumption-based accounting (CBA), production-based accounting (PBA), and emissions embodied in trade is an important prerequisite for designing climate mitigation policies. This data is more complete than the flows reported by hazardous waste shippers, and so is preferred for the waste disaggregation. Resour. The large amount of waste flows shipped to and from the Hazardous waste treatment and disposal sector makes this sector dominate the allocation of the use table intersection. - Environmentally-extended input-output (EEIO) database can be used estimating carbon emissions based on the amount of money spent. Multiplying emissions of a given GHG by its GWP gives us the CO 2 equivalent emissions. ERR-288 https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=101624 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2021). Single sources of data for a given flow are generally insufficient for providing environmental and economic performance at the level of resolution required for v2.0s 400+ industries, and therefore modeling is required to attribute or allocate environmental data from often multiple raw sources to this level of industry resolution. Impacts with smaller domestic proportions of impact like Energy Use are dominated by sectors like Gasoline, fuels, that are more dependent on imports for their inputs, as in crude oil for this sector in 201274. Report No. Prod. The Make table columns represent which commodities are produced by different industries. Purchaser price reflects the producers price plus sale and transportation margins11. The report notes: This deeper analysis uses details contained within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys United States Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO) model to highlight specific activities that occur within the supply chain of the goods and services procured by the County that drive the bulk of the impacts and to identify those impacts that are generated locally (e.g., particulate matter emissions from local vendor fleet operations). As described in the Splitting Impacts section, in v2.0, impacts can be split between those originating in the US vs. the rest of the world. Where particular elementary flows are reported in both NEI and TRI, flows are maintained from the NEI only to prevent double counting. Form EIA-923 detailed data. CarbonSAVER: Scope3 Factors Derivation of these demand vectors is described in depth in the Final Demand section, since these have not been previously described in USEEIO documentation. W.I. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. P is a commodity x year currency year adjustment matrix. The result is available in the National Point Source Releases to Water By Industry 2017 v1.1 dataset34. The increase in impact intensity for Museums, historical sites, zoos and parks is explained by accounting for national parks in land use v2.0, whereas previously land for national parks was excluded. Water data for the nation 2015. https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis (U.S. Geological Survey, 2018). Once all the requirements are installed, the generation of v2.0 takes place in a single buildModel function to load the various data components and build the model. The scope 3 emissions for one organization are the scope 1 and 2 emissions of another organization. Subsequently the country supply-use tables were linked via trade creating an MR-SUT and producing a MR-IOTs . Sci. PubMed Central In v2.0, water for mining sectors is first attributed to 6-digit NAICS using employment data before mapped to BEA industry codes. The resulting EEIO emissions factors can be used to estimate GHG emissions for a given industry or product category. Report No. zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6370618 (2021). L is in commodity x commodity form and represents the total inputs of commodities (rows) used to make a commodity (columns). These sections are disaggregated sequentially, and all the disaggregated components of the tables are combined at the end of the process. State level USDA CoA data are used to calculate fractions of land use by animal type, which are multiplied by state level MLU pasture and grazed land. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2016). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The final demand vectors represent purchases of goods and services by final consumers, including by households, investors and governments. Increase in emissions for landscaping services. Recycl. It provides a robust resource for estimating the potential impactsenvironmental and economicassociated with the production or consumption of goods and services. Ingwersen, W., Li, M. & Meyer, D. Commercial Waste National Totals by NAICS and US Satellite Tables for USEEIO. PubMed The global fashion industry is a $3 trillion market and accounts for ~10% of global carbon emissions with a projected increase of 50% by 2030. Accordingly, the allocation factor to the disaggregated Solid waste collection rows is approximately 44% (21/48) of the total Waste management and remediation services commodity consumption for all USEEIO industries mapped to the Business firms and farms customer class. Technol. Many organizations will improve the accuracy of scope 3 emissions over time and expand to include more categories as adequate data become available. Facts and figures. The disaggregation of the Waste Sector introduced changes to the economic transactions present in the 2012 BEA Detail Make and Use Tables that is used as the basis of the USEEIO model. 28 for all flows at a 1% tolerance, with a <1% difference assumed to be expected due to rounding errors65 both for the full model and the domestic model, where Ld Eq. The overall consistency in the impact intensities and rankings between v2.0 and v1.2 confirms relative consistency and robustness in the model with some changes that can be explained based on input data changes or methodological improvements. Quarterly census of employment and wages 2017. https://www.bls.gov/cew/downloadable-data-files.htm (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020). Environmental flows are transformed from source data schema, typically NAICS 2012 codes, to USEEIO schema (e.g. & Balassiano, K. EPA Data Commons v0.1. figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19100375.v1 (2022). Circular 1200 https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1200 (1998). USEEIO v2.0, or referred to solely as v2.0, is the latest edition of the US Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO) model for assessing a full suite of potential life cycle impacts of US. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1365565 (2017). Ingwersen, W.W., Li, M., Young, B. et al. In v2.0, these data sources are used to allocate MLU land use categories to relevant sectors. Expanding the definition of industrial water use allowed for calculation of impact intensities for industries not previously captured, such as industries within wholesale trade, retail trade, and professional and business services. & Birney, C. useeior. Licensing. v1.2 added new satellite tables for commercial waste7,8. While the codes and definitions of commodity categories are not changed from those provided by BEA in v2.0 (except for disaggregated sectors), original names are assigned to the commodity categories to replace the names used in the BEA IO tables. Then, the imports, yi, are subtracted from the final demand in the original Use table, to get domestic final demand, yd, as in Eq. Emissions from purchased goods and services and capital goods represent a significant emissions source for many organizations. An environmentally extended global multi-regional input - Springer Slider with three articles shown per slide. 20. where mf is the column representing the flow of interest from the M matrix, and cn is the transposed row representing the indicator of interest from the C matrix. In addition, because scope 3 sources may represent most of an organizations GHG emissions, they often offer emissions reduction opportunities. For the disaggregated waste management sectors, these rows represent the use of the disaggregated waste management service commodities by industries. US Territories and Tribal Lands are not included. The relative contribution, rc of a commodity, c, to an impact intensity coefficient from N for a given indicator, n, can be calculated using Eq. Many organizations quantify greenhouse emissions in their value chain. For states that do not distinguish between irrigation used for crops and golf courses, all irrigation water is attributed to crops. Advancing sustainable materials management: 2014 fact sheet. Overview Emissions Factors FAQ Data sets Emissions factors 2 files Emissions factors File Updated Download IEA Emissions Factors 2021 15/09/2021 XLS IEA Emissions Factors 2021 (light version) 15/09/2021 XLSB Schedule The Recycling Economic Information Report Assessing the flows or processes (i.e. Emission factors should at a minimum include emissions from fuel combustion, and should, where possible, include cradle-to-gate emissions of the fuel (i.e., from extraction, processing, and transportation to the point of use).