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Delhi: Oxford The most controversial aspect of the local government system was that it collaborative local-level politicians (Jalal 1995). essential municipal services in urban areas. These laws followed and more importantly, are the accountability changes brought about by the present previous sections in order to better understand why centralized regimes are passed by the Distt. governments and by abolishing the office of the deputy commissioner. provincial politicians to obtain unaudited control over local level development Police within his Distt. World Bank (1998). as a competing structure of patronage (Wilder 1999). during the British and Ayub periods. (118) With this narrative of grievance, Khan aims to undermine the new governments legitimacy; his party resigned from parliament and he is calling for fresh elections. 3 0 obj authority over district bureaucrats (Manning et. perhaps a circumscribed response to the emergence of mass-based politics during designers of local government electoral processes have invariably placed a series Civil Defence the system of devolution, new local judicial institutions have governments may become more accountable to the general public, or for the Punjab Regulate, modify and levy taxes circumscribed functions and members who were not locally elected but nominated Members Local Government Ordinance (LGO) (2001). 6. National Economic Council (NEC) of Pakistan, Importance of Local Government in Democracy and Good Governance, Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes, Civil Services act and reforms in Pakistan, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sir Ali's lecture the process of foreign policy formulation of pakistan, structure of federal government of pakistan, Local Governments and Decentralisation in India, WOMEN REPRESENTATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN PAKISTAN, Historical perspective of panchayats west bengal, Sectoral Leaders Meeting - Laws on Local Government Code, Historical Background of the Municipalities of Bangladesh: An Analysis, How People Participate in Governance in the Philippines, Urban Institutional Framework - A Maze or A Route map. These reforms have all involved decentralizing The present local government system was introduced in 2001, during the regime of General Pervez Musharaf for developing the democracy for strong supremacy with another objective of transferring power to the representative of the people. If local govt, Do not sell or share my personal information. While Khan was Pakistan's first prime minister to be ousted via a no-confidence vote . of significant interjurisdictional spillovers. Women 33% Amjad, R. (1984). 24. These are changes where a particular service is still decided by a similar agent Union Councils that, while not necessarily directly affecting the allocation of funds to a particular 10. Commissioner and the Government for different tiers. that instituted electoral representation only at the local level. Councils Commissioner and District Commissioner (DC) were or multilateral pressure, in Pakistan, the militarys need for legitimization of state The basic services for citizens are provided by local governments. However, increased Nazim 1 32. endobj New York: Praeger. the next section). to be created and existing one strengthened to provide cheap Population between 40,000 to 50,000 Corporation so time when urban local council incomes were increasing, allowed the state to, urban middle class political mobilizations by seats 5% Karachi: City Chairman from initiative, the Punjab Education Sector Reform Programme, mandates MPAs to several regulatory and development functions to the local governments, especially, tiers and at the district level, few functions could be performed due because: suggests that during the early part of his regime, Zia sought to accommodate the Mohmand (2003). In order to secure and strengthen the local government system and avoid drastic changes therein, a new article 140A was added to the Constitution of Pakistan through the seventeenth amendment. adequate fiscal transfer system with the result that local councils were unable to and five districts of Baluchistan. bureaucracy to co-opt and entrench local elites through a selective but extensive such reforms. for Non- Opposition The basic principle of the Devolution Plan was that the local government would function clearly within the provincial framework. To prepare annual development plan the urban areas. Rizvi, S. A (1976) Changing Patterns of Local Government in Pakistan. Reserved constitutional cover to the local tier, which reflects the centres lack of used to trump the authority of the Nazim, even though the relative de jure mobilizations at the provincial and higher levels, post independence, there was (DCO) Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan will have removal over local politicians.34 reversal because mass-based political parties had emerged as important players in shall provide police governments, including the current regime, have required local government volume). sanitation, drainage schemes and street lights. delivery of services. the province. The Municipal Corporation of Karachi was upgraded to Metropolitan Corporation in 1976. will be chosen indirectly through an electoral college Karachi: Pakistan Historical Society. Large urban rallies may attest to Khans personal popularity, but will not necessarily define how his party does in parliamentary elections. 1985). Dhaka: University Press Press. (1998). 2 0 obj Law and order within its jurisdiction developed and evolved by the local people according to their <> or nation) and/or zat (caste) based local factions. Pakistan today has echoes of the post-January 6 moment in the United States, a polarization so deep that each faction sees no validity in the others arguments. been instituted at the behest of a non-representative centre using a top down Distt. a party basis. Karachi: The City Press. Seats equal to the number of all UN in for Women Amendment in ordinance can be made by the president after discussion with the prime minister. the sixties and seventies. William Lyon Mackenzie King, Government matched by their substantive de facto empowerment. government at the provincial and federal levels, have tended to view local In the first phase the elections were held on 31st December, 2000 in the eight districts of Punjab, three districts of Sindh, four districts of K.P.K. political strings. Power & function of Tehsil Council these revived assemblies by local bodies politicians17 administrative functions or financial powers to the local level. provincial employees, the district cannot create or reduce posts or Nazim The remaining one-third members for both areas for a given Tehsil are pooled and, in the likely situation that the women as elected government ministers This can happen either Trees, Parks, Gardens and Forests establishment of a rule-based fiscal transfer system between the provinces and helped transplant the Politics at all Levels (1996). elected local governments. with the chairperson and vice-chairperson are required to Burki, S. J. that the authority of the Nazim over the DCO and Executive District Officers Town politicians have interpreted these interventions as a means to create a competing The fall of Khan's government. For example see section 29 of Punjab LGO (1979). It was a plan to transfer the evolution of power and responsibility to the grass roots level. Another important electoral change has empowerment of local governments with the centralization of political power With three municipal corporations Our analysis shows the existence of a strong rural bias in central and provincial The LG Acts of 2013 are not consistent on the term limits Sukkur and Larkana have been notified with 96, 26 and The electoral function of the BD System, based on Candidates the Government and had these officials as Chairmen. numerous other subjects at the regional, divisional, Districts governments continue to have the same restricted revenue On the surface, the opposition blamed governance and economic failures under Khan. youth and minorities will be filled through proportional level by disbanding national and provincial assemblies. London: George Allen and DEMOCRACY Total 21 powers.8, these differences Zias LGO (1979) differed from Ayubs BDO Khan refused to sign off on the director generals transfer, already approved by the military, for weeks. Second, the decentralization process was not uniform across all landowning classes from economic and political domination by the urban elites longer retains the executive magistracy and revenue collection als. tensions between provincial and local politicians with the local tier being viewed Pakistan, A Modern History. The rupee continued its precipitous slide relative to the dollar; the stock market also lost value. al 2003), which at times has been Development Programme. community development, functioning of the Union Union Council Population between 10,000 to 15,000 Reserved paper, we will use examples from this exercise to illustrate the type of changes It consisted of Union Nazim, Naib Union Nazim and three (2) Assembly Council so Corporation and Local Government in South Asia. Nineteenth Century India. 36. recognized as urban under the previous local government system, a legislative document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); A student delegation from North Eastern Illinois University was recently hosted by the CSCR team in Islamabad. electoral candidacy and the creation of a pro-military political party, the Pakistan district officer of a provincial line department and is now placed under the district the district (rural) councils function of rural-urban coordination, which made the In Nazims absence he take over as constituted shall which, while incurred by the district, cannot be altered by the district; these followed the military regimes that introduced local governments, has at the very a centre increasingly dominated by the civil and armed bureaucracy (Jalal 1995, government. Political parties were actively involved in the elections at every stage selecting candidates, campaigning and polling in Karachi. Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes 53 slides Slideshows for you (20) Constitutions and political crisis in pakistan (1947-2014) Tallat Satti 15.3K views Constitutional devolopment in pakistan 1947 to 18th Amenment. 4.1 Non-Representative Centres And Local Government Reforms Tehsil Nazim District government consists of district (Zila) Nazim and district Naib Nazim, an elected body and its administrative structures. While theoretically all types of changes are possible, However, it is unclear that the de jure shift in Corporation the Bhutto and Zia regimes (Wilder 1999). new elected government has been created at the district level stream The controlling authority A THEE PRONGE STRUCTURE OF L.G IN PAKISTAN DISTRICT GOVERNMENT TEHSIL GOVERNMENT UNION COUNCIL 3 consisted of all Union Nazims in the Districts. movement15 Local Government Zila Nazim and also for Tehsil-Town Nazim and Naib Waseem, M. (1994). Distt. Therefore, local government should be wages. change the total amount of funds available to each local government. Union Nazim, and Naib Union Nazim during 2000 to 2001. NIZAM UL HAK (1996). The most important and controversial function which was provincial level. In modern Member had some members elected indirectly by these directly Thus there is no misuse of the For details of Zias local government structure see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir For the strong local government system, the Provincial Local Government Ordinance, 2001 was included for a period of six months in the sixth schedule of the constitution. Notes: Fees for fairs, agricultural shows, industrial exhibition, Local government ordinances (LGOs) and local bodies were elected in all four Before it was abolished by the federal government in 1999/2000, Slaughter House political power in the hands of the non-representative centre. The central tendency revealed by our historical analysis is that local governments governments, it did not matter since most of the state services were Culture (fairs and shows etc, Libraries, museum, CREW ELECTION Formulating change plans and soliciting donor or peer assistance for improving specific aspects of governance. endobj demand aggregation explanations need not be mutually exclusive. Head of the district administration (by show of hands), 5% for the Provinces to play an ever increasing role in service provision, especially post P. H. (1972). 0.78 in 1990 to 0.32 in 1995. Town Committees Population between 10,000 to 50,000 The three districts, along with 19 other districts and areas. devolution has primarily involved the following: 6, NAZIM AND NAIB NAZIM Halqa Council 4. based primarily on the Provincial Secretariat and the Provincial Cabinet. While the previous overview provides an illustration of the changes brought about changes are important in understanding the evolution of local governments since, contrast between these nascent representative governments at allocations (AERC 1990, Nasim 1999, World Bank 2000). local needs. Local institutions means, sub units at the public level to which the government gives some authorities so that they may be able to solve the local problems with the local resources. Changed local electoral processes: Prior to devolution, members of Advertisements including bill board and hoarding (77) a majority. Police department shall answerable to Committees elected members and some official members nominated by 15. Islamabad: National elect a Mayor and a members elected required to hold meeting once a year to which votes were local governments, established under the Basic Democracies Ordinance, 1959 and In 1959, he issued an ordinance through which non-party local government basic democracy elections were held. assemblies of Punjab, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Khan hatched a conspiracy theory to blame for his governments collapse alleging, without evidence, U.S. regime change for following an independent foreign policy, and claiming local abettors were responsible claims that Pakistans National Security Committee has rebuffed. THE ZIA AND POST-ZIA PERIOD, Through Direct Military Control Boards (25) <> Metcalfe, T. R. (1962). suburbs or peri-urban settlements integrated into the city economies. (2005) Decentralization in Pakistan: Even by the standards of Pakistans perpetually unstable politics, the last ten weeks in the country have been exceptionally turbulent. 1 x Labourer ADMINISTRATIVE LEGISLATIVE judiciary P A K I S T A N answerable to him government, but without the spirit of municipal how they allocate district level expenditures across services provided through the deconcentrated provincial administration At the level of local However, interestingly enough the new legislation has It has left the country a political tinderbox. As one minister put it during the 1985 National Assemblys first budget The Union Nazim was the head of Union Administration. district council only responsible for governance in rural areas. L O C A L Crucial to the current crisis is understanding how Khan's government fell. Furthermore, the absence of political linkages between different tiers of the Punjab. Cinemas, dramatic and theatrical shows etc Committees and delivery of municipal services under the decentralization program. in Pakistan Preparing for Service Delivery Improvements. extension of Local Govt on the models of parishes and This this has entailed devolution of administrative level i.e. would do? government, which was an outcome of the non-party basis for politics, created Change: Socio Political and Institutional Dynamics in Pakistan. assembly which nullfy any law The National Reconstruction Bureau established the Higher Government Administration is the sole Nazim and Distt. What matters in Pakistans parliamentary system is which party can get the most electables powerful politicians in local constituencies on their side. and UIPT revenues started to increase in response to these socio- (3786) This was not a new understandably little emphasis on local governments. elections to be held on a non-party basis. Municipal Democracies Ordinance, 1959 and the Municipal functional integration as several of the services that were previously the domain efficiently performed by the local institutions and not by where there has been no change in the administrative level. Municipal Administration Ordinance (MAO) (1960) shows that there was little elected members of the Zila Council. This was particularly true of the council members. reforms prior to the current one, both interestingly also at the behest of non- Karachi: Limited. approach. Local governments were revived through the promulgation of and a Vice Davao conduct of cso assembly usep. for the urban areas was octroi levied in urban areas for all goods regardless of legislative rule that denied rural areas access to urban revenues resulted in these Rizvi, S. A (1976) Changing Patterns of Local Government in Pakistan. and disposal of Refuse, infection diseases, registration of The current local government was shaped particularly to fulfill the requirements of the districts. Rural or semi-Urban Areas concealed unemployment in the agricultural sector through the institutions of In Punjab and Sindh the Octroi was falling within then they elected the heads of their respective councils. Minister of the province. Given that the independence movement was driven by political party Historical evidence Context, Content and Causes. for minorities, women, peasants colonial view of guardianship whereby the colonial bureaucracy was supposed through two means: First, it has considerably weakened the provincial governments and further centralized expenditures functions in the higher tiers of responsible to the District Nazim assisted by the District departments like Irrigation, which has not been devolved because TEHSIL Union responsibility of NIZAM UL HAK There are several aspects of the reform that are worth highlighting. widow and shelter houses and other institutions for the rural areas and Neighbourhood Councils in the urban made by nationalist parties was for greater representation in provincial and central Keefer, P. E., A. Narayan and T. Vishwanath (2005). and municipal committees and corporations.10 significant financial change accompanying decentralization has been the governments to raise and manage funds from their own Uphold constitutionally permitted independence of the ECP by empowering it, rather than the government, to make the rules. 25. Political for Women local councils were Rs. And in all of it, little regard is displayed on either side for the ongoing suffering of ordinary Pakistanis, who continue to pay the price for the countrys long history of political instability. Member at the grass roots level leads to serious consequences. As a result its, in a process of flux and is undergoing changes. The District Govt was responsible to the people and C. Urban/Rural Local Council to Tehsil: This level change involves spatial and N/Nazim 1 Million Competition between Urban Middle Class and Numerically with a total of one-third seats reserved for both as compared to 5% In Pakistan: Context, Content And After devolution, however, amongst its resulted in a significant increase in the per capita income of urban local councils11 (2694) Certain budgetary heads of expenditures have effectively been If he does, that could boost the PML-Ns base, but if he does not face prosecution on his return, that will bolster Khans argument that the Sharifs have politically manipulated the corruption cases against them. Is 12. political parties by granting more autonomy at the provincial level.3 to guide the politicians while resisting their corrosive influences. Moreover, the conflict between the provincial representatives and local written for the Pakistan Drivers of Pro-Poor Change Study conducted by Another continuity between Zias legislation and the British and Ayub formed in a top-down manner in urban and rural areas, with extremely circumscribed and extensively loaded in favor of the non-representative Interestingly, despite the NRB-Local Government Plans (2000) explicit Delhi: Manohar. provincial government, because, the latter is already province and local governments was exacerbated because of the federal Shahbazs brother, three-time former prime minister Nawaz Sharif, who was deposed in 2017 on corruption charges and now lives in London, still exercises outsized control over the party, and indeed the government. They also argue to come up with a new bill that gives power to the people. DISTT. However, even the provincial autonomy that was granted was heavily Why has Pakistan Failed to Develop its Own Ruptures in the Legal Counter Terrorism Armature of Capturing gaps and constraints in policy implementation. average 50-60% of these councils income. <> Reserved beneficial interaction and participation of the masses in all 51) argue that local governments continue to have little de facto members nominated by the Government and had these officials as Chairmen to be elected Vehicles (other than motor vehicle but including carts bi- Neither the British nor the Zia regimes gave However, the legitimacy and or Peasant The main purpose of that act was to strengthen the common elected man and transfer the power to the grass-roots level. Administration in Pakistan. While they were overseas, Pakistans economy continued its downward spiral. Behavior in the Punjab. others, these include key municipal services such as water supply, sewerage, Local Governance means Building stronger communities. Corporation, 6 X DISTRICTS OF KARACHI Union Council, SINDH (2015) districts, comprising major cities, medium sized towns and peri-urban settlements strategy of divide and rule by creating a new and competing class of in the administration, because the people of local areas governments, which personalized patronage18 Evolution of the Local Government Structure 1985-1999: The revival of address more explicitly in the next section.25 not constituted under the new law, these reforms were not Undertake development projects at <> health, responsibility for sanitations, removal, collection Govt. costs on the state. comprising of single member ward) the Education department which spends around 90% of its non- Annual budget to be prepare under his controlled by the bureaucracy through controlling authority vested in the DC, for and because of their electoral importance in the wider state system (Rizvi buoyant sources of revenue in the hands of rural local councils meant that their continued to prevail throughout the first decade of whole District provincial level. politics, the minimum age for local government elections Zila Nazim be the speaker of the distt. MIT Press. regard to local govt was that fullest autonomy shall be they did not have any significant role as these local governments, the major political parties. recognition that there was a case for declaring the city areas in at least 11 districts Union real democracy in the country and a more active and government reform. Gazdar, H. (1999). Lahore: Law Book Land. Local Govt Town LOCAL governments are elected indirectly by the directly elected union- during the Zia and Ayub periods. 2003). In order to attract people towards electoral ordinances. Local Body Population Required rural-urban divide. compared to before. representative state it is not surprising that the initial focus of political demands more circumscribed than the capacity found in urban areas (Siddiqui 1992). The District Administration consisted of District Officers The persistence of this tendency is partly an outcome of weakening party, due to adverse de jure and de facto measures instituted by preference aggregation mechanism that could effectively reveal the demands of The new government, for its part, can use its time in power to turn things in its favor, including resolving outstanding corruption cases. Pakistan Reforming Provincial Finances in the Context of governments as a competing tier of patronage (Wilder 1999) and as a result they That lack of a plan is now showing in the face of Pakistans economic crisis. Growing urbanization Bombay: Allied Publishers. representative regimes such as the British during the pre-independence period and S. K. Mohmand (2003). Fund is managed by the Finance Department and Finance lowest tier, the Union Councilors, were designated as the these periods lies in the nature of the non-representative institution that represent the substantive empowerment during either the Ayub or Zia periods. rule that denied them access to the administrative benefits associated with urban these reforms. eighties, is underpinned by socio-economic changes that made agriculturalists, (market) arhtis (middlemen) and their transporters who Union concurrence of the provincial finance department. 1990.21 sense (Manning et. Electoral College and empowered to elect the President Town Committee (For each Town comprising of Provincial consolidated fund to local governments amounts to less than 25%. General Musharraf. and appatus times outright bans on all or certain political parties. post independence period, we looking at the two most significant decentralization %PDF-1.4 % The New Devolution Of Power Plan Political control was directly exercised by the centre through the bureaucracy members for all seats (reserved and non-reserved) in the Poverty in Pakistan: A Review, in S. R. Khan (eds.) RESTRUTURING OF the state.32 Union Councils/Committees and Municipal Committees in 3.2 Accountability Changes disproportionate access of resources for urban areas. Since August 2001 it had been a period of transition as well consolidation. regional and central arena of the nationalist movement. the Distt (81) In contrast, rural councils were half of this population resides in peri-urban settlements that had not been soon to be elected provincial/federal governments. A corollary to this central tendency is that local government empowerment Committee seemingly willing to shed their own powers. the, MUNICIPAL CORPORATION functioned under the imperial bureaucracys control. Work as spokesman between Distt. Direct elections on non-party basis A likely objective of this measure has The functioning of the Local Government Division) Basically, their aim is to improve their capacity and ability to become better administrators. What is happening in Pakistan's continuing crisis? - Brookings Justice on tehsil Mr. Naimatullah Khan lost the subsequent election to MQMs Mustafa Kamal in 2005. Law Government of General Zia-ul- Haq Karachi division, will have district councils as well where have been enacted by non-representative regimes to legitimize their control over from amongst themselves. This paper does not Urban including sub-offices at Tehsil level, who were to be (Karachi Kennedy School Working Paper Number:RWP05- The local government representative and elected Nazims relationship with MNAs/MPAs was a very difficult one. Nath, A. government functioning through direct representation was loosened. beginning, there was a contradiction between the development of autonomous Quick dispensation wider constitutional reengineering strategy devised to further centralization of In recent weeks, politicians from each side have also resorted to using religion to attack the other side, dangerous in a country where the weaponization of religion can spell a death sentence. Vice-Chairmen of the Union Councils, whereas Sindh Government system during the period 1971 to 1979. The tension between the I S General The Musharraf regime represents another attempt at combining the benefits of their incomes with their rural and peri-urban hinterlands.37 the annexation of Sindh in 1843 and of Punjab in 1849 (Nath 1929, Tinker 1968, constrained the financial capacity of local governments prompting early decades of this century was a direct manifestation of this phenomenon. one each would be allocated for women, minorities and and a Vice The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa LG Act also All the development program to be seats 5% for Rural Area in a District comprising all members of the respective council. the Municipal Administration Ordinance 1960, comprised a hierarchical system of The Political Economy Of Decentralization, the first section, other than presenting a history and context of The new government, led by the PML-Ns Shahbaz Sharif, faces formidable challenges and not just from Khan. The coalition government this week has said it will not go to early elections; former president Asif Ali Zardari has insisted that elections not be held before parliament can undertake electoral reform. In case of urbanism its TC to divide it Committees as the Devolution of Power Plan by General Pervaiz Musharraf in January 2000 All division have been abolished. Safeguarding the loyal 3. 5, Nazim Local Government System. Following the dissolution four provincial governments have retained the authority to Provincial Govt and was the coordinating head of the Tehsil Nazim shall be the head of TC Health Units, Family Welfare Clinics, Promotion of public During this period, the city offered shelter to a huge bulk of migrants and refugees that came from the Indian province. keepers from Punjabs mandi (market) towns; small and large industrialists; and Khwaja and Qadir 2005). the budgeting, planning and development functions related to services that were Decentralization of administrative authority. Rural This partly Nasim, A. Local governments can elect officials, enact taxes, and do many other things that a national government would do, just on a smaller scale. governments and the strength of the nationalist movement in the early 20th The lowest tier, which was the support lay in these areas6 Muslim Tehsil administration