Not everyone gets side effects. Physiol. (2021). (2012). The Serum and Glucocorticoid Kinase Sgk Increases the Abundance of Epithelial Sodium Channels in the Plasma Membrane of Xenopus Oocytes. Pulmonary Vascular Manifestations of COVID-19 Pneumonia N. Engl. Clinical Course and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a Single-Centered, Retrospective, Observational Study. Was this helpful? The Lancet 395 (10223), 497506. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.038, Keywords: COVID-19, pulmonary edema, abnormal lung humoral metabolism, syndrome coronavirus 2, drug, traditional Chinese medicine, Citation: Cui X, Chen W, Zhou H, Gong Y, Zhu B, Lv X, Guo H, Duan J, Zhou J, Marcon E and Ma H (2021) Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Treatment Potential. The general regulation approaches of AFC. It has been reported that infection with a respiratory-associated virus can significantly increase the expression and activity of TRPV1 (Abdullah et al., 2014). 2 (6), 387396.doi:10.1038/35077544, Connors, J. M., and Levy, J. H. (2020). Bookshelf DD&T 14 (5), 256258. Ion channels, AQPs, RAS, bradykinin and hyaluronic acid are factors influencing the pulmonary edema. J. Cel Mol Med 24 (8), 47364747. Aspirin: Generic, Uses, Side Effects, Dosages, Interactions - RxList Med. COVID-19; abnormal lung humoral metabolism; drug; pulmonary edema; syndrome coronavirus 2; traditional Chinese medicine. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 40 (21), 42454250. doi:10.1111/nyas.14472, Adil, M. S., Narayanan, S. P., and Somanath, P. R. (2020). Limmer A, Engler A, Kattner S, Gregorius J, Pattberg KT, Schulz R, Schwab J, Roth J, Vogl T, Krawczyk A, Witzke O, Zelinskyy G, Dittmer U, Brenner T, Berger MM. Recombinant ACE2 was also reported to be a potential therapy in the clinical study of ARDS, which can lead to rapid decrease of plasma Ang II level and IL-6 expression. (2020). Pharmacol. Traditional Chinese Medicine for COVID-19 Treatment. Moreover, exogenous delivery of Ang (17) was shown to play a part in reducing inflammation and improving pulmonary function in ARDS models (Wosten-van Asperen et al., 2011). COVID-19: The Potential Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis Associated with Infect. doi:10.1530/EJE-20-0338, Clapham, D. E., Runnels, L. W., and Strbing, C. (2001). Frontiers | Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Therefore, the S protein determines the host cell of the virus, regulates the viral attachment and fusion with the host cell membrane, and promotes cellular invasion. Before doi:10.1038/labinvest.2016.150, Zhang, P. h., Han, J., Cao, F., Liu, Y. j., Tian, C., Wu, C. h., et al. 80 (4), 394400. Emodin Blocks the SARS Coronavirus Spike Protein and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Interaction. Endocrinology in the Time of COVID-19: Management of Diabetes Insipidus and Hyponatraemia. Protein Chem. Moreover, lower expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase promotes pulmonary edema, and when the expression of Na-K-ATPase 1- and 2-subunits decreases, maximal alveolar epithelial fluid clearance is reduced (Looney et al., 2005). 2020. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) can stabilize the permeability of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell by regulating the expression of AQP-5 and MMP-9, and reduce alveolar fluid exudation (Shi et al., 2018). Efficacy and Safety of Lianhuaqingwen Capsules, a Repurposed Chinese Herb, in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial. Thus, promoting the degradation of HA may be significant in the recovery process. ), cell growth and death, as well as the degradation of damaged cells (Zhao et al., 2020). J. Respir. Immunol. Side effects of the coronavirus vaccines | NHS inform 63 (3), 457460. Care 21 (1), 305. doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1882-z, Zhang, H., Kang, Z., Gong, H., Xu, D., Wang, J., Li, Z., et al. K+ Channels Regulate ENaC Expression via Changes in Promoter Activity and Control Fluid Clearance in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Med. Immunol. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Convalescent plasma have been initially shown to be beneficial for COVID-19 patients with severe infection stabilizing the immune system (Shen et al., 2020), but the subsequent randomized controlled trial did not show significant improvement within 28days (Li et al., 2020). Its active absorption of Na+ is the main driving force of fluid clearance at birth and alveolar fluid absorption at adult stage (Bardou et al., 2012). Rev. A., et al. - Eur. (1997). Pulmonary Interstitial Pressure and Proteoglycans during Development of Pulmonary Edema. (2011). During the infection of SARS-CoV-2, RAS, BK and hyaluronic acid (HA) are all involved in the regulation of AFC and the formation of pulmonary edema (Garvin et al., 2020). getting a COVID-19 vaccine is one way to lower the chance of developing . Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine. 96 (5), 25142519. Since hypokalemia is a major issue in severe COVID-19 patients (Lippi et al., 2020), amiloride with its potassium-sparing diuretic activity (Bull and Laragh, 1968) can potentially be used to restore normal serum potassium concentrations (Maronde et al., 1983). 54 (3), 678811. TALLAHASSEE, Fla. Florida Surgeon General Joseph Ladapo personally altered a state-driven study about Covid-19 vaccines last year to suggest that some doses pose a . Cell. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Clin. Sci. doi:10.2174/1874467211306010003, Gabazza, E. C., Kasper, M., Ohta, K., Keane, M., D'Alessandro-Gabazza, C., Fujimoto, H., et al. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216382110, Staub, N. C. (1974). Treatment of Severe Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema with Continuous Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Covid-19. Rev. Is Amiloride a Promising Cardiovascular Medication to Persist in the COVID-19 Crisis?. Front Pharmacol. It not only can induce de novo synthesis of ENaC and affect ENaC regulatory pathway, but also has an impact on cytokines. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Immune-modulatory agents for COVID-19 include tocilizumab, human immunoglobulin and the convalescent plasma. However, among all current treatments mentioned above, little attention has been paid to the abnormal humoral metabolism and pulmonary edema, which is a key factor threatening patients lives. J. Ethnopharmacology 265, 113301. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113301, Li, F. (2016). Focusing on decreasing the formation of body fluid in lung or promoting the absorption of body fluid can contribute to a decrease in lung damage and decreased mortality in COVID-19 patients. FIGURE 3. Res. Influenza Induces IL-8 and GM-CSF Secretion by Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells through HGF/c-Met and TGF-/EGFR Signaling. SARS-CoV-2 invasion leads to alveolar and vascular epithelial cells damage impelling the formation of minimal thrombus, increasing pulmonary venous pressure and vascular permeability and leading to massive loss of tissue fluid. -, Ahmed M. H., Hassan A. It promotes the clearance of surplus fluid in alveoli and keeps alveolar space dry (Wittekindt and Dietl, 2019). Summary of potential TCM formulae against COVID-19. The general regulation approaches of AFC. Dis. Proc. The Clinical Benefits of Chinese Patent Medicines against COVID-19 Based on Current Evidence. Negative-feedback Loop Attenuates Hydrostatic Lung Edema via a cGMP-dependent Regulation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4. J. Respir. 318 (4), L723L741. After getting vaccinated for COVID-19, you might experience some temporary symptoms similar to those you might notice when you get a flu shot, such as a sore, swollen arm where you got the shot. The fluid transudes into and accumulates in the interstitium of lungs and finally alveolars from lung capillary, leading to severe disorder of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange (Staub, 1974). Infection of Mice with Influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) Virus Alters Alveolar Type II Cell Phenotype. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.02.025, Bartoszewski, R., Matalon, S., and Collawn, J. F. (2017). Sci. COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis: A Systemic Review and - PubMed (2020). TRPV4: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Potential in Respiratory Diseases. Extensive studies have been conducted to identify the antiviral and pulmonary edema reducing efficacy of natural compounds, some of which have already been tested specifically against SARS-CoV and SARS-COV-2. Virol. Aldosterone-induced Sgk1 Relieves Dot1a-Af9-Mediated Transcriptional Repression of Epithelial Na+ Channel . J. Clin. Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels: a Clinical Perspective. 34 (4), 610618. Subjects 1760 (1), 19. Ther. Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs. COVID-19 Infection: the Perspectives on Immune Responses. doi:10.3109/08923973.2014.968256, Jiang, Y.-x., Dai, Z.-l., Zhang, X.-p., Zhao, W., Huang, Q., and Gao, L.-k. (2015). BMJ 369, m1432. 74 (2), 92101. Virol. TRPA1 Agonists Evoke Coughing in guinea Pig and Human Volunteers. Chloride Transport-Driven Alveolar Fluid Secretion Is a Major Contributor to Cardiogenic Lung Edema. Inhibiting these TRPs may benefit the treatment of pulmonary edema. Biochem. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1432, Fleckenstein, A. doi:10.1007/s43440-020-00132-z, Runfeng, L., Yunlong, H., Jicheng, H., Weiqi, P., Qinhai, M., Yongxia, S., et al. Cel Mol Biol 54 (3), 370383. Trav. Some people experience no side effects after vaccination while many will experience mild side effects, such as pain, swelling at the injection site, a headache, chills or a fever. The abnormal humoral metabolism and pulmonary edema contribute to the severity of symptoms and fatality of COVID-19 patients. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). 183 (1), G9G15. (2014). doi:10.4268/cjcmm20152124, Wang, Q., Zheng, X., Cheng, Y., Zhang, Y.-L., Wen, H.-X., Tao, Z., et al. J. Physiol. (1999). N. Engl. Dis. Mol. J. Cel Physiol 234 (11), 2005720065. These supportive approaches have been shown to be beneficial as adjuvant therapies in COVID-19 patients. Breathtaking TRP Channels: TRPA1 and TRPV1 in Airway Chemosensation and Reflex Control. -. (2009). Am. There are multiple potential mechanisms leading to pulmonary edema in severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) patients and understanding of those mechanisms may enable proper management of this condition. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.5.2514, Chow, Y.-H., Wang, Y., Plumb, J., O'Brodovich, H., and Hu, J. Kiener M, Roldan N, Machahua C, Sengupta A, Geiser T, Guenat OT, Funke-Chambour M, Hobi N, Kruithof-de Julio M. Front Med (Lausanne). Combination Therapy with Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Modulators Augment the Airway Functional Microanatomy. Am. The frequency and severity of systemic adverse events was higher after dose 2 than dose 1. Physiol. For patients recovering from COVID-19 who have persistent, progressive, or new respiratory symptoms, we obtain PFTs including spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity. Lung Consolidation: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment - Verywell Health The expression of AQP-5 is regulated by inflammatory cytokines, like TNF-, elevated in the plasma of critical COVID-19 patients (Hui and Zumla, 2019). Diagnostics | Free Full-Text | The Role of Cardiac Biomarkers in the As the infection progresses, the immune function is impaired, causing damage to multiple organs, additional complications, and eventually death (Yang et al., 2020). This may be due to lingering inflammation and other factors. 104, 81125. Epub 2022 Oct 17. 2023 Feb 14;14:1080962. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1080962. 532 (1), 4. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03640-2, Heald-Sargent, T., and Gallagher, T. (2012). annals 99 (1), 1216. Jiangsu Qing Lan Project for Young Academic Leaders of China. BK is generated by cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK) from plasma-kallikrein and binds to the BKB2 receptor, and thus results vascular hemorrhage (Garvin et al., 2020). doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5, Thorneloe, K. S., Cheung, M., Bao, W., Alsaid, H., Lenhard, S., Jian, M.-Y., et al. 117 (3), 773783. Clin. (2019). Indeed, in several preclinical studies, selective TRPV4 inhibition showed efficacy in preventing or attenuating lung edema (Thorneloe et al., 2012). Acad. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100322200, Udugama, B., Kadhiresan, P., Kozlowski, H. N., Malekjahani, A., Osborne, M., Li, V. Y. C., et al. (2020d). (2020). (2021). This condition is generally referred to as pulmonary edema and is a direct consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Contact. Epub 2020 Jun 29. Am. Fatal Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Pulmonary Edema by Upregulating AQP1 and AQP5 Expression in Rats with Acute Lung Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00373.2014, Hu, F., Chen, J., Chen, H., Zhu, J., Wang, C., Ni, H. B., et al. doi:10.1308/rcsann.2016.0238, de la Rosa, D. A., Zhang, P., Nray-Fejes-Tth, A., Fejes-Tth, G., and Canessa, C. M. (1999). TRPA1 distributes on C-fibers throughout the respiratory system (De Logu et al., 2016). Cepharanthine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid derived from tubers of Stephania Japonica, was shown to have a wide-spectrum inhibitor of pan--coronavirus (Fan et al., 2020; Rogosnitzky et al., 2020). 2020 Jul;57:102833. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102833. Respir. Pharmacol. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000797, Ferner, R. E., and Aronson, J. K. (2020). doi:10.1101/2020.03.20.20039586, Londino, J. D., Lazrak, A., Collawn, J. F., Bebok, Z., Harrod, K. S., and Matalon, S. (2017). doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203894, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Achanta, S., and Jordt, S. E. (2020). Cough Reflex Testing with Inhaled Capsaicin and TRPV1 Activation in Asthma and Comorbid Conditions. COVID-19 can cause lung complications such as pneumonia and, in the most severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS . According to previous studies, activation of AT1 receptor inhibits AFC by down-regulating cAMP and dysregulating ENaC expression, leading to Ang II-dependent pulmonary edema and alveolar filling increase (Deng et al., 2012). Proc. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa105/5811022, Minakata, Y., Suzuki, S., Grygorczyk, C., Dagenais, A., and Berthiaume, Y. Emodin, an anthraquinone compound from genus Rheum and Polygonum, can markedly prevent the binding of S protein and ACE2 in the study of SARS-CoV (Ho et al., 2007). doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30076-x, Yan, H., Valdes, A. M., Vijay, A., Wang, S., Liang, L., Yang, S., et al. Consequently, the use of bradykinin antagonists is supposed to be regarded as a strategy for COVID-19 treatment interventions. (2020). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02859.x, Negrini, D., Passi, A., de Luca, G., and Miserocchi, G. (1998). (2020). (2020). Resolvin D1 Stimulates Alveolar Fluid Clearance through Alveolar Epithelial Sodium Channel, Na,K-ATPase via ALX/cAMP/PI3K Pathway in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury. 173 (3), 281287. Chem. FIGURE 2. Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Pulmonary Chemical Injuries and as Countermeasure Targets. 157, 104820. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104820, Yang, X., Yu, Y., Xu, J., Shu, H., Xia, J. a., Liu, H., et al. medRxiv. (2020c). Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction, which is officially recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 patients as mentioned in the guideline issued by NHC (Trial 7th edition) (PRC, 2020), has an effective rate higher than 90% (2020) and can mediate the inflammatory storm induced by COVID-19 (Yang et al., 2020b), regulate the innate immune, cytokine activities (IL-17, NF-B, TNF etc. Infection, pulmonary edema, lung cancer, aspiration, and pulmonary hemorrhage are some of the diseases that can cause consolidation. (2020c). 289 (1), L104L110. 17, 149166. Cells 7 (8), 98. doi:10.3390/cells7080098, Stone, J. H., Frigault, M. J., Serling-Boyd, N. J., Fernandes, A. D., Harvey, L., Foulkes, A. S., et al. Br. Physiol. Physiol. N.Y. Acad. EBioMedicine. (2020a). Allergy Clin. Maresin Conjugates in Tissue Regeneration 1 Improves Alveolar Fluid Clearance by Upregulating Alveolar ENaC, Na, KATPase in Lipopolysaccharideinduced Acute Lung Injury. 308 (11), L1136L1144. (2020). Hyponatremia (low blood sodium concentration) as well as low concentrations of potassium and calcium in the blood serum are also associated with COVID-19 (Lippi et al., 2020). Biochim. (2020c). (2015). Pharmacol. Currently, no specific drug has been developed to against COVID-19, although some existing drugs have been repurposed and approved for treating hospitalized patients (Ferner and Aronson, 2020; Schlagenhauf et al., 2020). In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic, therefore the efforts of scientists around the world are focused on finding the right treatment and vaccine for the novel disease. (Imai et al., 2007; Zhang and Baker, 2017). CDC/FDA lift pause. IFN will continually induce inflammatory cytokines released by alveolar macrophages, promoting the activation of T cells and forming a positive feedback loop that drives persistent alveolar inflammation (Grant et al., 2021). Cel Mol Biol 20 (5), 10281040. The activation of -adrenergic receptor, especially 2 (Mutlu et al., 2004), was found to stimulate Na+ and fluid reabsorption. (1999). Drug Discov. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Usage Is Associated with Improved Inflammatory Status and Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients with Hypertension. Here, we provide a perspective on abnormal lung humoral metabolism of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients, review the mechanisms by which pulmonary edema may be induced in COVID-19 patients, and propose putative drug targets that may be of use in treating COVID-19. Serum sodium shows a decrease trend in CODIV-19 development (Krolicka et al., 2020). doi:10.1111/joim.13091, Passi, A., Negrini, D., Albertini, R., de Luca, G., and Miserocchi, G. (1998). doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.168724, Yin, J., Michalick, L., Tang, C., Tabuchi, A., Goldenberg, N., Dan, Q., et al. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2014-0225OC, Yu, Q., Wang, D., Wen, X., Tang, X., Qi, D., He, J., et al. Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome following COVID-19 virus infection 11. doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.20038935, Yang, R., Liu, H., Bai, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Guo, R., et al. Medicines 16 (11), 811828. Studies have confirmed that selective TRPV4 activation induces rapid loss of alveolo-capillary barrier function and consequent alveolar edema formation (Alvarez et al., 2006). Authors Mabrouk Bahloul 1 . JAMA 324 (5), 460470. The most commonly reported symptoms of post- COVID-19 syndrome include: Fatigue Symptoms that get worse after physical or mental effort Fever Lung (respiratory) symptoms, including difficulty breathing or shortness of breath and cough Other possible symptoms include: Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Some natural compounds along with their antiviral and reducing pulmonary edema mechanisms are shown in Table 2. Thus, it could be a potential RdRp inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2 (Lung et al., 2020). The latest research revealed that alveolar macrophages, which normally play a protective role, may also be infected by SARS-CoV-2 and release T cell chemokines, resulting large amounts of T cells gathering in lung and generating IFN. Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In Silico and Experimental Study. Resolving D1 (Wang et al., 2014), generated from -3 fatty docosahexaenoic acids, and ursodeoxycholic acid (Niu et al., 2019) can stimulate AFC and Na-K-ATPase in LPS-induced pulmonary edema via alveolar epithelial sodium channel and ALX/cAMP/PI3K pathway, respectively. J. Physiol. However, clinical evidence showing that glucocorticoids can reduce pulmonary edema by regulating fluid absorption in alveolar and glucocorticoids is missing. TRPV1, expressed in C-fibers of the vagus nerves innervating airways (Cui et al., 2016), has been considered to play a key role in cough reflex and increased airway sensitivity caused by various diseases (Andr et al., 2009; Couto et al., 2013). Hemost. JAMA 323 (11), 10611069. By March 31st of 2021, a total of 128.54 million cases of severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) have been diagnosed globally, and a total of 2.81 million people have died from the disease (WHO, 2021). The condition presents itself as a slowly evolving pneumonia with insidious early onset interstitial pulmonary edema that undergoes acute exacerbation in the late stages and alveolar edema (Xu et al., 2020; Wiersinga et al., 2020). It is likely that alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) failure plays a major role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema. Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes Are Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Authors Natl. 108 (6), 11851194. Some patients also have leucopenia and lymphopenia, suggesting a weak immune function, and high prothrombin time and D-dimer level, indicating abnormal blood clotting function (Wang et al., 2020), which can all lead to lung damage and the severer pulmonary edema. HA-related hydrogel has been found in both, ARDS and SARS. Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.017, Xu, Z., Shi, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Zhang, C., et al. However, it is still unclear how the vaccination will proceed and how fast can vaccinations be done. Pulmonary edema is an abnormal buildup of fluid in the lungs. doi:10.1111/jcmm.15146, Harada, H., and Takahashi, M. (2007). J. Med. Int. Drugs targeting at least some of these proteins have already existed and could be repurposed to manage pulmonary edema seen in SARS-COV-2 infections. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins. Nonetheless, little attention has been paid to CD44 in COVID-19 treatment. JAMA 323 (20), 20522059. Structure and Hormone Responsiveness of the Gene Encoding the -Subunit of the Rat Amiloride-Sensitive Epithelial Sodium Channel. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. Pulmonary edema - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic medRxiv. (2017). Chansu Injection Improves the Respiratory Function of Severe COVID-19 Patients. Protectin DX Increases Alveolar Fluid Clearance in Rats with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. 274, L203L211. Sci. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Ann. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Digestive System Is a Potential Route of COVID-19: an Analysis of Single-Cell Coexpression Pattern of Key Proteins in Viral Entry Process. doi:10.1126/science.abb2762, Yang, G., Tan, Z., Zhou, L., Yang, M., Peng, L., Liu, J., et al. Treatment of Pulmonary Edema by ENaC Activators/Stimulators. Med. Clinical and Computed Tomographic Imaging Features of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2. Maresin1 Stimulates Alveolar Fluid Clearance through the Alveolar Epithelial Sodium Channel Na,K-ATPase via the ALX/PI3K/Nedd4-2 Pathway. Overall, the decreased expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase, misregulation of sodium, potassium, AQP, and RAS channels and abnormal metabolism of BK and HA can all lead to lung liquid clearance failure and pulmonary edema, resulting in severe lung damage and ARDS in COVID-19 patients (Figure 6 The general regulation approaches of AFC). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. As of Sunday, at least 16,183 people had filed complaints with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that they'd developed tinnitus, or ringing in their ears, after receiving a Covid vaccine. "It is the macroscopic image of an old myocardial infarction and pulmonary edema under further laboratory investigation," medical examiner Nikos Kalogrias reportedly said on Wednesday. (2005). JAMA 324 (8), 782793. A vision of coronavirus with the minimal set of structural proteins. Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. 97 (18), 1028210287. Pathol. A vision of coronavirus with the minimal set of structural proteins. Pathophysiology and incidence - Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is an extremely rare syndrome that can occur in individuals who received certain adenoviral-vectored coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. medRxiv. Physiol. The combination of the two can lead to pneumonia and other serious respiratory illnesses. TABLE 3. Also, thrombocytopenia and thrombosis have been mostly reported after AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen COVID-19 vaccines [ 3 ]. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Leads to Reduced Ratio of ACE/ACE2 Activities and Is Prevented by Angiotensin-(1-7) or an Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist. A blocked upper airway causes negative pressure in the lungs from trying to breathe through the blockage. Semin. COVID-19: Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia - UpToDate Oxygen flows through a face mask or a flexible plastic tube with two openings (nasal cannula) that deliver oxygen to each nostril. 388 (4), 421436. Generalized Edema and Pseudothrombocytopenia After ChAdOx1 - PubMed In the meantime, we urgently need potent reduction in fatality of COVID-19. Annu. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00255.2019, Zhang, B.-M., Wang, Z.-B., Xin, P., Wang, Q.-H., Bu, H., and Kuang, H.-X. Since pulmonary edema can be promoted by decreased expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase (Woods et al., 2015), drugs or compounds which activate the sodium channel and Na-K-ATPase may be putative therapeutics. 8600 Rockville Pike Currently, many clinical trials are in progress to test coronavirus treatment, including new drugs and drug repurposing or repositioning. 274 (53), 3783437839. SSRN. TRP channels are nonspecific cationic channels located throughout the respiratory system (Clapham et al., 2001), where TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4 are the most abundant TRP subtypes (Kaneko and Szallasi, 2014; Steinritz et al., 2018).
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